Estes ensaios se inspiram na abordagem CTS (ciência-tecnologia-sociedade) também conhecida como Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia (latinoamericana) e na Teoria Crítica da Tecnologia. Perseguem uma senda de pesquisa: a compreensão de um momento zero, constituinte, marcado pelo conhecimento sobre a interação teórico-práxis do trabalho mediado pelos objetos. Os sentidos deste momento de conversão do conhecimento em técnica são também práxis. Aqui falamos da ciência e técnica no sentido de tecnologia, que assume um duplo exercício de crítica e de reificação. (...) Crítica diante de que (nem) toda técnica foi convertida em tecnologia (cientificizada), pois continua a ser obra de artifícies geniais cuja substância social (qualquer uma) vem ao mundo parida para resolver problemas práticos. (shrink)

I. INTRODUCTIONThe Parshall Flume, which was invented in 1920 by R. Parshall, is mostly used in wastewater and crop supply. Utilizing equations, Parshall established dimensions that fit the design, one of the advantages is the conversion of position energy to velocity energy since in other measurement structures there are minimum energy losses in this one it does not allow sedimentation. The structuring of the project is adhered to by different models that define its behavior and limit its use. This is (...) the case of an approach length of the channel entrance, which is nothing more than a primary distance for the action of the flow within the channel. Throughout history, some studies were conducted in an attempt to establish an approximate and realistic value of the length at the time of measurements, but the theories put forward were lost. Some people link this length with the narrowing of the gorge, and others suggest flow conditions before entering the flume. For the development of the project established with its respective objectives, the respective structuring was carried out: For the measurement, the points already established in the field will be taken with the help of a total station, GPS, to verify the respective measurements of the Parshall flume. For the calculations and the design, the points will be introduced in the civil 3D to be able to verify if the points taken are the correct ones and what distances they have between them, through this, we can apply different methods to be able to verify the design that has this Parshall flume. For the evaluation and layout of the gutter, if it is the case, we will carry out a layout in plan with the data already calculated in the office and we will evaluate the situation in which it is so that we can apply a possible solution so that a defect does not occur. In this report, we focus on the design and redesign of a hydraulic irrigation channel where we find a Parshall section, which has the function of measuring the flow found in that section. The measurements found in the field can be verified in the office using formulas and software to verify if the data are correct, if so we can say that it is well designed, otherwise we will look for a possible solution by doing a field study. (shrink)

Huge losses and serious threats to ecosystems are common consequences of forest fires. This work describes a forest fire controller based on fuzzy logic and decision-making methods aiming at enhancing forest fire prevention, detection, and fighting systems. In the proposal, the environmental monitoring of several dynamic risk factors is performed with wireless sensor networks and analysed with the proposed fuzzy-based controller. With respect to this, meteorological variables, polluting gases and the oxygen level are measured in real time to estimate the (...) existence of forest fire risks in the short-term and to detect the recent occurrence of fire outbreaks over different forest areas. Besides, the Analytic Hierarchy Process method is used to determine the level of fire spread, and, when necessary, environmental alerts are sent by a Web service and received by a mobile application. For this purpose, integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity of environmental information and alerts are protected with implementations of Lamport’s authentication scheme, Diffie-Lamport signature, and AES-CBC block cipher. (shrink)

Aqui são investigados dois momentos do itinerário intelectual de Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900). O primeiro se refere a um trecho de Ecce Homo, composto em 1888, no qual ele discorre sobre uma enfermidade que o acometeu chamada por ele de “falta de si”. Esta decorreria, em especial, da sua devoção ao compositor Richard Wagner (1813-1883) e a tudo o que a este estava relacionado, especificamente, um hegelianismo implícito, o apreço por Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) e o Romantismo alemão tardio. A libertação (...) destes elementos compreende um pesado esforço de autossuperação observada no autor em obras como Humano, demasiado humano, Aurora e A Gaia Ciência. O segundo momento se volta para uma passagem de O caso Wagner, de 1888, na qual Nietzsche afirma ser ele próprio um décadent. Ora, se o filósofo alemão foi capaz de impor a si mesmo um rigoroso tratamento diante da “falta de si”, algo semelhante poderia ter sido empreendido no que diz respeito à sua décadence? Este problema implica outra pergunta: seria a décadence uma doença a ser curada? Para subsidiar as meditações sobre o assunto, são inseridos neste texto análises da décadence na filosofia nietzschiana, bem como algumas perspectivas interpretativas dessa temática. Ao cabo deste estudo, sugere-se uma avaliação hipotética das alternativas supostamente preconizadas por Nietzsche para a resistência diante da sua própria décadence. (shrink)

The use of wireless sensor networks and the Internet of things to detect forest fire outbreaks may help to reduce the response time and avoid natural disasters. This work proposes the deployment of WSN to enhance the real-time monitoring of dynamic variables such as polluting gases, temperature or the presence of fire flames by infrared. In addition, the activation of forest fire alerts if environmental status may involve evidence of a recent fire outbreak. A fuzzy-based controller is implemented to manage (...) the uncertainty related to estimating forest fire occurrence and dynamic update of fuzzy sets is developed to distinguish usual and unusual environmental conditions of every monitored forest area. Merkle trees, AES and hash functions are considered to protect the integrity of environmental data. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of a brief informed consent quiz to detect consent comprehension in individuals with cognitive impairment and to explore the degree to which cognitive domains and recent substance use, independently, predict comprehension. We performed a secondary analysis of two cross-sectional studies in individuals with substance use disorders. The ICQ total score was used as the index test and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as reference standard in receiver operating characteristic curves. Two (...) independent multiple binary logistic regression models were performed using cognitive domains and days of recent substance use as predictors of ICQ outcome. We analyzed data from 215 and 251 participants, respectively. The ICQ showed moderate accuracy for major cognitive impairment and lower accuracy for mild impairment. Optimal cutoff score was set at 10 points or less for detecting comprehension difficulty. Lower scores in Short-Term Memory, Attention, Language, and Orientation increased the probability of failing the ICQ. A procedure including both the ICQ and cognitive screening measure could improve the accuracy of consent comprehension assessments. (shrink)

This article has two tasks: to investigate the notions of space, time and causality in Schopenhauer’s theory of knowledge and, subsequently, to carry out a comparative study of the results obtained with the epistemological considerations between the first and second phase of Nietzsche’s thought. It is understood that conclusions concerning the world as representation had an echo in the first digressions of the author of The Birth of Tragedy on the conceptions of space, time and causality. However, the departures begin (...) to be perceived still in the first years of the 1870s. It is chosen to call the reflections on knowledge until On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense, considering, besides the unsystematicity of the Nietzschean approaches, the maturation of the epistemological investigations in Human, All Too Human. It is discussed how the naturalistic aspects of the second phase of Nietzsche’s intellectual activity find implications in his conceptions of space, time and, above all, causality. It is emphasized, however, that it is not the intention of this work to argue that Nietzsche’s epistemology is originally derived from Schopenhauer or that it depends exclusively on the notions studied here. (shrink)

La presencia del orden se nos impone con singular insistencia. La reflexión sobre el orden, las posibilidades de su emergencia y las condiciones de su articulación y de su crítica, al igual que de su transgresión o transformación, ha constituido un eje central en el pensamiento filosófico y social continental a lo largo del siglo XX. Los trabajos que aparecen en este libro proceden de pensadores provenientes de Alemania, Francia y México y se proponen contribuir a una reflexión amplia, sistemática (...) y a la vez interdisciplinaria sobre este problema a la vez inquietante e inescapable. (shrink)

Este volumen recoge las lecciones del X Curso de Cultura hispanojudía y sefardí de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, organizado por la Asociación de Amigos del Museo Sefardí (Toledo, Septiembre 2000) y consagrado al Pensamiento y Mística hispanojudía y sefardí. Las quince conferencias aquí reunidas ofrecen una perspectiva amplia, representativa y completa de los momentos, autores y temas más significativos tratados por pensadores y místicos sefardíes desde la Edad Media hasta nuestros días. Se aprecia una continuidad en los problemas (...) y una búsqueda constante de nuevas soluciones, adaptadas a las circunstancias de cada época. Es la primera vez que aparece en lengua castellana una visión global de esta rica faceta de la cultura hispanohebrea, que permite al lector acercarse a la evolución del pensamiento de los judíos originarios de Sefarad antes y después de 1492, tanto en su faceta filosófica con en su faceta mística (cábala). (shrink)

Siguiendo la propuesta paradigmática formulada por Giorgio Agamben en torno al estado de excepción como dispositivo constitutivo del orden jurídico estatal, este trabajo confronta críticamente una de los sustratos básicos que siempre ha rondado la teoría republicana, tanto en sus vertiente vinculadas a los trabajos de Hannah Arendt como a los de Phillip Pettit, y que es habitualmente presentada como un pregunta inclusiva, a saber: cómo hacer posible la política y la libertad no solo para algunos sino para todos/as. Sostenemos (...) que la propuesta de Agamben establece un pie forzado que obliga al republicanismo a repensar sus condiciones de posibilidad de manera más radicalmente crítica de lo que habitualmente lo ha hecho – una radicalidad que incluso podría obligar a ir más allá de la forma estatal que por siglos ha acompañado a la promesa de inclusión republicana. (shrink)

At a time when democracy appears to be universally acclaimed as the only acceptable form of government, it is all the more necessary to be clear about what democracy means. _Democracy: A Reader_ provides a range of pivotal statements on this important topic from supporters and defenders as well as critics and skeptics.

El presente artículo aborda un capítulo olvidado de la filosofía argentina del siglo veinte. Su tema principal es un curso sobre la filosofía de la Revolución francesa impartido por Luis Juan Guerrero en el Colegio Libre de Estudios Superiores de Buenos Aires en 1939. Tomando como punto de partida los programas de los cursos que Guerrero dictó como Profesor de Ética en la Universidad de Buenos Aires durante la década de 1930, el trabajo reconstruye en detalle su argumento sobre la (...) oposición entre la conciencia histórica y la conciencia revolucionaria inherente al pensamiento filosófico del siglo XVIII y proporciona relevante información sobre el contexto y las fuentes filosóficas, históricas y sociológicas que discute. This paper deals with a forgotten chapter of the Twentieth-century Argentine Philosophy. The main subject is a lecture-course on the Philosophy of the French Revolution delivered by Luis Juan Guerrero at the Colegio Libre de Estudios Superiores of Buenos Aires in 1939. By taking as a point of departure the syllabi of the courses that Guerrero gave as Professor of Ethics at the University of Buenos Aires during the 1930s, it reconstructs in detail his argument on the opposition between historical consciousness and revolutionary consciousness inherent to the philosophical thought of the eighteenth century. It also provides relevant background and contextual information about Guerrero's philosophical, historical and sociological sources. (shrink)

Este ensayo ofrece un análisis del argumento de Crisipo a favor de que todo tiene una causa en Cicerón, De Fato 20. Para ello, se discute en qué sentido el argumento es fatalista y si el tipo de fatalismo que implica alienta la inacción. Asimismo, se presenta una nueva interpretación de la réplica de Crisipo al Argumento Perezoso en Eusebio, Praep. ev. 6.8.28. En particular se sostiene que, para Crisipo, la relación entre sucesos codestinados es analítica: a fin de determinar (...) qué sucesos futuros están codestinados con sucesos presentes, basta analizar los conceptos que se emplean para describir los primeros. /// In this paper I undertake an examination of Chrysippus' argument in Cicero's De Fato 20 for the view that everything has a cause, by discussing in what sense it is fatalist and whether the kind of fatalism it implies encourages idleness. A novel interpretation is offered of Chrysippus' refutation of the Idle Argument at Eusebius, Praep. ev. 6.8.28. In particular, I argue that for Chrysippus the connection between co-fated events is analytic: to determine which future events are co-fated with present ones, it is sufficient to analyse the concepts that are used to describe the former. (shrink)

Se muestra cómo la “inteligencia sentiente”, en sus elementos “noológicos”, adquiere cierto carácter “técnico” primario y constitutivo que se despliega en el logos y en la razón de manera individual, social e histórica. En la aprehensión primordial de la realidad se juega la viabilidad misma del hombre en su estar siendo en el mundo como animal humano, donde lo “técnico” juega un papel relevante. En los elementos noológicos primarios de la aprehensión primordial se hallan los cimientos de los que surge (...) la “técnica”, que no es entonces elemento accesorio, sino parte constitutiva del hacerse cargo de la realidad. (shrink)

In The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, published in 1868, Darwin used the metaphor of the architect to argue in favor of natural autonomy and to clarify the role of chance in his theory of adaptive change by variation and natural selection. In this article, I trace the history of this important heuristic instrument in Darwin's writings and letters and suggest that this metaphor was important to Darwin because it helps him to explain the role of chance, and (...) gives an argument in favor of the free will. (shrink)

From the notion of “minor literature” proposed by Gilles Deleuze, the article comprises a general approach to the writings of the Chilean poets Tomás Harris and Nicolás Miquea, to raise the possibility of a “minor reading”, as an exercise of reflection on both authors. From a broad theoretical approach, the article also explores the identity of poetry as health event, otherness, and relational aesthetics for the conceptual development of a “poetic trafficker”.

RESUMEN Este artículo intenta mostrar cómo ciertas categorías del feminismo actual nos permiten "decolonizar" lo más propio del mundo griego, esto es, los dioses en general, y en especial el dios Diónysos. De esta manera, lo señalado por Nietzsche respecto del dios cobra un matiz más innovador y, a la vez, dionisíaco. Y, por ejemplo, podemos entender al dios Diónysos de mejor manera con la categoría de Queer. Esa categoría nos visibiliza cómo el dios opera performativamente, y en ello lo (...) que está en juego es cómo entendemos el cuerpo, y en definitiva, lo humano articulado con las cosas. ABSTRACT This article tries to show how certain categories of current feminism allow us to "decolonize" what is most characteristic of the Greek world, that is, the gods, in general; and, especially, the god Diónysos. In this way, what Nietzsche pointed out about the god takes on a more innovative and, at the same time, Dionysian nuance. And, for example, the god Diónysos would be better understood if categorized as Queer. That category makes visible the way the god operates performatively, and what is at stake here is how we understand the body; and, ultimately, the human, as articulated with things. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca dar con la influencia de Baruch Spinoza en el pensamiento de Xavier Zubiri en torno al tema de la materia y de allí entender lo que es lo estético. Es sabido que Zubiri desde joven fue un gran lector de Spinoza; incluso lo enseñaba en detalle a su amiga-estudiante María Zambrano. Y lo que pensamos es que Zubiri siempre estuvo influenciado por el pensador holandés y esto se ve reflejado en cómo Zubiri trata su concepto de (...) materia, clave en su obra; y tal concepto nos permite, por ejemplo, entender lo estético en el pensador español. (shrink)

Este artículo indaga en el Curso de dos lecciones sobre lo estético, titulado Reflexiones filosóficas sobre lo estético, un «hilo teórico» muy poco estudiado por los especialistas. Este Curso que realizó Zubiri en 1975, estaba muy mayor, se analiza cómo se muestra lo más radical para entender lo estético desde sus categorías filosóficas, pero de la «mano invisible» de Hegel. No se trata del Hegel que critica explícitamente Zubiri y que se coloca siempre de forma muy distante al pensador alemán, (...) sino de lo categorial mismo del pensamiento hegeliano que Zubiri «echa mano» para mostrar cómo opera lo más propio de su pensamiento para dar cuenta del complejo tema de la articulación de lo estético y la realidad. Aquí vemos que el pensamiento de Hegel tiene mucho que aportar para poder entender lo estético mismo. Y esto, incluso, más allá de lo que el mismo Hegel, como pensador de su tiempo, filosofaba respecto del tema del arte y/ o lo estético. (shrink)

El presente escrito tiene como propósito señalar algunas características de un nuevo tipo de razón que se basa en el pensamiento complejo y en sus principios: dialógico, hologramático y transdisciplinar, y su estrecha relación con el componente humano, el cual involucra la relación entre lo emocional y lo racional. Para lograrlo, el artículo está dividido en tres partes. La primera parte señala algunas limitaciones que ha tenido el paradigma científico moderno clásico, especialmente desde la desviación del concepto de la razón (...) gestado en la Ilustración; la segunda parte señala cómo, a su vez, la tendencia posmodernista no solo critica los alcances del proyecto moderno, sino que lanza una negación de los discursos basados en la ciencia y en la razón (ilustrada) e invita a las posturas relativistas extremas, y, en la tercera parte, se nombran algunas características que debe tener un nuevo tipo de razón basada en el pensamiento de Morin. (shrink)

This paper describes the characteristics of people who return to learning to achieve at least a level 2 qualification, drawing on the 1958 National Child Development Cohort Study. Results show that adults who gained level 2 were more likely than those who did not to have been engaged in a range of learning activities at earlier ages, including learning during childhood, staying in education during adolescence and undertaking courses leading and not leading to qualifications during adulthood. The factor that has (...) the highest impact on progression by age 33 and by age 42 is early school attainment. This means that for individuals who do well at school there is a greater chance of achievement of qualifications during adulthood, even when this qualification is not achieved by age 23. We further find that socioeconomic constraints in adulthood may be less of a barrier to progression than is often believed. Taking together, these findings suggest that the main focus should be on paying particular attention to attitudinal barriers to learning, rather than just being concerned with removing economic and social constraints. (shrink)

El principal objetivo de este artículo es estudiar la respuesta de Aristóteles y del estoico Crisipo a un problema metafísico que ha sido descuidado en estudios recientes de la filosofía natural antigua. El problema se refiere a la generación de los llamados cuerpos homogéneos complejos. Si, como so..

This paper suggests the democratic direction in which the right of freedom of expression should be conceived and applied. In the first two sections it suggests some counter-examples to, and diagnoses of, the libertarian and liberal conceptions of freedom of expression, taking Scanlon (1972) and Scanlon (1979), respectively, to be their chief proponents. The paper suggests that these conceptions cannot take into account clear examples, like fraudulent propaganda, which should not be legal. The democratic conception takes it to heart that (...) the pillars upon which the right of freedom of expression is founded are individual and collective autonomy, the right to know facts of public interest and information necessary for effective democratic control of government. The paper suggests that in a time when private powers seriously threaten these pillars, it is correct for the government to step in to provide the framework in which genuine discussion geared toward fulfilling the objectives of these pillars can take place. (shrink)

We study the interconnection between Physics and Mathematics in concrete instances, departing from the usual expression for the Coulomb electric field, produced by a point-like charge. It is scrutinized by means of six epistemology-intensive questions and radical answers are proposed, intended to widen one’s understanding of the subject. Our interventions act along two complementary directions. One of them regards ontology, since questions induce one to look closely at the electric charge, from different perspectives, promoting reflections about its nature and reinforcing (...) the corresponding concept. Formal manipulations rely on the identification of concepts with symbols, and the other direction concerns the spatial extension of mathematical structures. Our questions and their somewhat unusual answers help disclosing information which is not present in many textbooks, and show that Mathematics can be used as an efficient epistemological tool in Physics teaching. (shrink)

Neste ensaio de interpretação, pretende-se dar continuidade à leitura do texto de Marx encontrado na seção VI, do livro III de O capital, quanto à problemática jurídica. Trata-se de leitura específica, ainda que descritiva, dos apontamentos do revolucionário alemão sobre o direito no contexto dos escritos sobre o processo global da produção capitalista. A metodologia de interpretação segue pesquisa anterior que estabeleceu os sentidos do direito no texto marxiano, compreendendo-o como fundamentalmente caracterizado por relações jurídicas que se distinguem de meras (...) dimensões normativas. Relativamente aos avanços alcançados, contempla-se o entendimento de Marx sobre a “forma da propriedade fundiária” que impõe relações específicas nos âmbitos econômicos ou jurídicos. A “representação jurídica” decorre de uma transformação historicamente paralela aos processos de subsunção do trabalho ao capital e da derivação das formas sociais, com início na acumulação originária do capital. Ocorre uma contratualização do acesso à terra, tornada capital por via da noção jurídica específica de propriedade fundiária. Daí se extrai, por decorrência, a renda da terra. Para fins de análise crítica ao direito, ressalta-se a especialização do trabalho agrícola e a superexploração do trabalhador rural, bem como a conformação de tradição cultural do capitalismo no campo que implicam a compreensão de como se opera produção de mais-trabalho a partir da renda fundiária, por isso haver o seu distintivo como transformação de mais-valia em renda. Todas essas noções são fundamentais para se pensar uma crítica marxista ao direito desde a América Latina. (shrink)